Minggu, 28 Maret 2010

causative

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE DENGAN IF , CAUSATIVE , SUBJUNCTIVE

Rabu, 10 Maret 2010

Materi Structure : Causative, using verb ‘have and get ‘which have meaning “ menyuruh “, there are two kind of causatives, those are Active And Passive Causative.

The aim of causative is asking someone to do something for subject.

These following patterns are active causatives. :

A. 1). S + Have/ Has + Object ( Agent / Pelaku ) + Verb 1 + Object / Pelengkap

Examples : I ask my students to write a note

It can be as : I have my students write a note.

Those sentences above can be same as : My students write a note for me


2) S + Get/ Gets + Object ( Agent / Pelaku ) + To Verb 1 + Object/Pelengkap

Examples : Father asked the driver to wash his car yesterday. It Can be as : Father got the driver to wash his car yesterday.

Those sentences above can be same as :

The driver washed father’s car for him yesterday.

Note : The difference between causative active, using have and get, is in using have the verb followed without to, but in using get the verb followed with to, look at the patterns above

The next pattern is Passive Causative

B. S + Have / Get + Object Pelengkap + Verb 3 by Object / agent

Examples : Father had the car washed by the driver yesterday.

Father got the car washed by the driver yesterday.

I have a note written by my students

Other examples : I will ask my students to translate the reading text to Indonesian. In active causative, it can be as :

I will have my students translate the reading text to Indonesian.

I will get my students to translate the reading text to Indonesian.

In passive causative, it can be as :

I will have the reading text translated to Indonesian by my students

I will get the reading text translated to Indonesian by my students

Other sentence which has similar meaning to the sentences above is

My students will translate the reading text to Indonesian for me.

SUBJUNCTIVE

Adalah kalimat harapan dengan menggunakan kata kerja wish, if only ( kalau saja ), would rather, as if / as though ( seakan-akan / seolah-olah ), dimana harapan tersebut tidak terpenuhi / tidak sesuai dengan fakta / kenyataannya.

Berikut ini adalah Pattern ( Pola Kalimat Subjunctive )

1. S + wish/es + that + S + Past Tense ( Verb 2 ) + Keterangan Waktu Sekarang.

Contoh : - I wish that I knew your problem now.

It means that in the fact, I don’t know your problem now.

- My mother wishes that my younger sister didn’t open the

letter now.

In fact, my younger sister opens it, so that it makes my

mother angry with her.

2. S + wish/es + that + S + were + adjectives/ noun ( kata benda )/profession.+ ket waktu sekarang.

Contoh : I wish that ( ) I weren’t a teacher now.

In fact, I am a teacher now.

I wish I were a doctor now

In fact, I am not a doctor

A note : Subjunctive yang di ikuti dengan tenses past tense menunjukkan harapan tersebut tidak terpenuhi/ tak sesuai dengan kenyataan di waktu sekarang.

Contoh lain :

Everybody knows that Pa Randu is not rich man, but he likes to act as if he were rich man, and he likes to talk as though he knew everything, but actually everyone knows that he doesn’t know anything.

structure:Conditional sentence dengan if

Minggu, 07 Maret 2010

Conditional sentences dengan If memiliki 3 tipe

Type 1 if simple present, present future
contoh : If I have much money, I will buy everything.
note : pengandaian ini bisa terjadi apabila kondisinya memungkinkan

Type 2 Pattern : If + Past Tense, Past Future
( S + V 2 ), ( S + Would + V1 )

Contoh : a) If I had a lot of money, I would go abroad now
In fact, I do not have a lot of money, so I do not go abroad now

Pattern : If + S + Were + Adjective / Noun , S + Would + V1

Contoh : b) If I were a docter now, I would check your health.
In fact, I am not a docter now, so I do not check your health.
Everybody knows that my profession is a teacher.

Note, conditional tipe 2. pengandaian tidak terlaksana di waktu sekarang.

According to the rule She was
I was
They, we , you were
Contoh : If I were a man , I would go everywhere
In fact, I am a woman , so I do not go anywhere.

Type 3 Pattern : If + Past Perfect Tense, Conditional Perfect Tense
If + Clause ( anak kalimat ) , Main clause ( induk kalimat )
If + ( S + Had + V3 / Past participle, S + Would/Should + Have + V 3 + yesterday, last night , last year, etc.

Contoh : If I had had a motorcycle 4 years ago, I would have been able to ride it well
In fact : 4 years ago, I did not have a motorcycle, so I was not able to ride it well.

If I had known your arrival, I would have met him yesterday.
In fact, Yesterday I did not know your arrival, so I did not meet him

Note : Pengandaian tipe 3 menyatakan pengandaian tidak terlaksana di waktu lampau.



Do the foiiowing exercises by crossing the option A, b, c, D or E

1.If you took the clothes to the laundry now, they ---
a.had washed c will wash e would be washed
b.has been washed d. will be washed

2. " Your drawing was very good "
" I could have done better if I --- more time. "
a. have had b.had c. had had d. will have had e. would have

3. He --- if I had not reminded him.
a. may forget b.should forget c. mighthave forgotten d.may forgot e.must forget

4. If someone had taken her book, she --- the teacher.
a. would have told to b.would have told c.will have told it
d. had told it e. would tell it to

5. "I didn't know that Tuti was at home. "
"---"
a. If I did, I would come and see her
b. If I had known, I would have come and seen her
c. If I knew, I came and saw her
d. If I have known, I have come and seen her
e. If I know,I'll come and see her.

6. It rained very hard this morning, but mother didn't have an umbrella with her
We may conclude that ---
a. If she had an umbrella, she didn't get wet
b. If she had an umbrella, she could not get wet
c. If she has an umbrella, she will not get wet
d. If she has an umbrella, she would not be wet
e. If she had had an umbrella, she would not have been wet

7. When the little boy saw the dog, he ran away and was bitten.
We can conclude that : ---
a. if he hadn't run away, he wouldn't have been bitten
b. if he doesn't run away, he won't be bitten
c. if he ran away, he would't be bitten
d. if he hasn't run away, he wouldn't be bitten
e. unless he runs away, he wouldn't be bitten

8. They climbed higher so that they got a better view.
We can also say : ---
a. If they had not climbed higher they would not have got a better view
b. If they didn't climb higher, they wouldn't get a better view
c. If they didn't climb higher, they didn't get a better view
d. If they don't climb higher, they won't get a better view
e. If they won't climb higher, they don't get a better view

9. ' If I had a car, I would drive to Puncak very often'
means "---"
a. I didn't have a car, so I didn't drive to Puncak very often
b. I don't have a car, so I don't drive to Puncak very often
c. I didn't have a car, yet I drove to Puncak very often
d. I don't have a car, yet I drive to Puncak very often
e. I had a car, so i could drive to puncak very often

10. 'If you had listened to me , you would have been able to date her' means ---
a. you listened to me and you were able to date her
b. you didn't listen to me but you were able to date her
c. you were not able to date her because you did not listen me
d. you listened to me but you were not able to date her
e. you were able to date her because you listened to me.

Change the word in the bracket using the correct form of the conditional sentences

1. If I were offered the job, I --- ( take ) it
2. I'm sure John will lend you some money. I would be surprised if he --- ( refuse )
3. Many people would be jobless if that factory ---( close ) down.
4. Our best friends are expecting us. They will be disappointed if we --- ( not come )
5. Will Prabu be angry if I --- ( take ) his bicycle without asking.
6. If I sold the car, she --- ( not get ) much money for it.
7. Mary gave me this ring, she --- ( be ) terribly upset if I lost it
8. If someone --- ( walk ) in here with a gun. I"d have been very frightened.
9. What would have happened if you --- ( not go ) to work yesterday.
10. I'm sure she --- ( understand ) if you had explained the situation to her.


Conditional sentences without if

Type 2 Pattern : Did + S + Verb 1 , Past Future


Example : a) Did I have a lot of money, I would go abroad now
In fact, I do not have a lot of money, so I do not go abroad now.

b) Did I know it, I would tell you.

The next pattern : Were + S + Adjective/Noun ( profession )


Example : a) Were I a docter now, I would check your health.

In fact, I am not a docter now, so I do not check your health.
Everybody knows that my profession is a teacher.

b) Were I pretty woman , I would be an actriss
In fact, I am not pretty woman so I am not an actriss.
Note : The form of the clause in( dependent clause )in Conditional Sentences without if, is as a question.Look at example above.



Type 3 Pattern : Past Perfect Tense, Conditional Perfect Tense
Clause ( anak kalimat ) , Main clause ( induk kalimat )
(Had + S + had + V3 / Past participle, S + Would/Should + Have + V 3 + yesterday, last night , last year, etc.

Example : Had I had a motorcycle 4 years ago, I would have been able
to ride it well.
In fact : 4 years ago, I did not have it so I was not able to ride
it.
Had I known your arrival, I would have met him yesterday.
In fact: Yesterday I did not know your arrival, so I did not meet him.

 
 
 
 
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